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1 fundamental knowledge
Техника: базовые знания -
2 fundamental knowledge
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3 fundamental knowledge
English-Russian electronics dictionary > fundamental knowledge
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4 fundamental knowledge
The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > fundamental knowledge
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5 fundamental knowledge
Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > fundamental knowledge
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6 knowledge
n1) знания; познание; эрудиция2) осведомленность, знание•to bring up to date one's knowledge — совершенствовать свои знания
to get knowledge — приобретать / получать знания
to impart knowledge to smb — передавать знания (кому-л.)
- branches of knowledgeto pool knowledge — объединять достижения науки (ресурсы и т.п.)
- direct knowledge - encyclopedic knowledge
- exchange of knowledge
- extensive knowledge
- fundamental knowledge
- human knowledge
- intimate knowledge
- lack of knowledge
- perfect knowledge
- political knowledge
- poor knowledge
- practical knowledge
- rudiments of knowledge
- superficial knowledge
- technical knowledge
- volume of knowledge
- with the knowledge of smb
- without the knowledge of smb -
7 knowledge
знание, знания- assertional knowledge
- borrowed knowledge
- casual knowledge
- commonsense knowledge
- compiled knowledge
- conceptual knowledge
- declarative knowledge
- default knowledge
- derived knowledge
- descriptive knowledge
- domain knowledge
- engineered knowledge
- erroneous knowledge
- expert knowledge
- factual knowledge
- framed knowledge
- fundamental knowledge
- fuzzy knowledge
- hardwired knowledge
- heuristic knowledge
- meta-knowledge
- personal knowledge
- piecewise knowledge
- prior knowledge
- prescriptive knowledge
- procedural knowledge
- propositional knowledge
- semantic knowledge
- structured knowledge -
8 knowledge
знание, знания- assertional knowledge
- borrowed knowledge
- casual knowledge
- commonsense knowledge
- compiled knowledge
- conceptual knowledge
- declarative knowledge
- default knowledge
- derived knowledge
- descriptive knowledge
- domain knowledge
- engineered knowledge
- erroneous knowledge
- expert knowledge
- factual knowledge
- framed knowledge
- fundamental knowledge
- fuzzy knowledge
- hardwired knowledge
- heuristic knowledge
- meta-knowledge
- personal knowledge
- piecewise knowledge
- prescriptive knowledge
- prior knowledge
- procedural knowledge
- propositional knowledge
- semantic knowledge
- structured knowledgeThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > knowledge
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9 fundamental
fundamental [‚fʌndə'mentəl](a) (basic → concept, rule, principle) fondamental, de base; (→ difference, quality) fondamental, essentiel; (→ change, mistake) fondamental;∎ a knowledge of economics is fundamental to a proper understanding of this problem il est essentiel ou fondamental d'avoir des connaissances en économie pour bien comprendre ce problème;∎ fundamental research recherche f fondamentale∎ it's of fundamental importance c'est d'une importance capitale2 noun(a) (usu pl) the fundamentals of chemistry les principes mpl de base de la chimie;∎ when it comes to the fundamentals quand on en vient à l'essentiel►► Physics fundamental particle particule f élémentaire;Physics fundamental unit unité f fondamentaleUn panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > fundamental
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10 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
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11 categoría fundamental
(n.) = fundamental categoryEx. You will remember Ranganathan postulates that all isolates in all areas of knowledge belong to one of five Fundamental Categories -Personality, Matter, Energy, Space or Time.* * *(n.) = fundamental categoryEx: You will remember Ranganathan postulates that all isolates in all areas of knowledge belong to one of five Fundamental Categories -Personality, Matter, Energy, Space or Time.
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12 transcendentalism (Philosophy that emphasizes the a priori conditions of knowledge and experience or the unknowable character of ultimate reality or that emphasizes the transcendent as the fundamental reality)
Религия: трансцендентальная философияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > transcendentalism (Philosophy that emphasizes the a priori conditions of knowledge and experience or the unknowable character of ultimate reality or that emphasizes the transcendent as the fundamental reality)
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13 фундаментальные знания
Русско-английский политический словарь > фундаментальные знания
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14 фундаментальное знание
Русско-английский словарь по электронике > фундаментальное знание
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15 фундаментальное знание
Русско-английский словарь по радиоэлектронике > фундаментальное знание
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16 фундаментальные знания
Русско-английский синонимический словарь > фундаментальные знания
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17 basic
'beisik1) (of, or forming, the main part or foundation of something: Your basic theory is wrong.) básico, fundamental2) (restricted to a fundamental level, elementary: a basic knowledge of French.) básico, elemental•basic adj básico / elementalthe basics lo básico / lo esencialtr['beɪsɪk]1 ( Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) código de instrucción simbólico multiuso para principiantes; (abbreviation) BASICbasic ['beɪsɪk] adj1) fundamental: básico, fundamental2) rudimentary: básico, elemental3) : básico (en química)adj.• básico, -a adj.'beɪsɪk1) ( fundamental) fundamentalto be basic to something — ser* fundamental para algo
2) (simple, rudimentary) < knowledge> básico, elemental; < need> básico, esencial; <hotel/food> sencillo['beɪsɪk]1. ADJ1) (=fundamental) [reason, idea, problem] básico, fundamental; [knowledge] básico, elemental; [skills, vocabulary, needs] básicobasic French — francés m básico or elemental
a basic knowledge of Russian — unos conocimientos básicos or elementales de ruso
basic to sth — básico or fundamental para algo
2) (=forming starting point) [salary, working hours] basethe basic rate of income tax — el tipo impositivo or de gravamen básico
3) (=rudimentary) [equipment, furniture] rudimentario; [cooking] muy sencillo, muy poco elaborado4) (Chem) básicobasic salt — sal f básica
basic slag — escoria f básica
2.NPLthey had forgotten everything and we had to go back to basics — lo habían olvidado todo y tuvimos que volver a empezar por los principios
3.CPDbasic airman N — (US) soldado m raso de la fuerzas aéreas
basic rate N — (Econ) tipo m de interés base
basic training N — (Mil) entrenamiento m básico
basic wage N — salario m base
* * *['beɪsɪk]1) ( fundamental) fundamentalto be basic to something — ser* fundamental para algo
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18 базовые знания
1) General subject: (фундаментальные) deep knowledge (систематизированные знания, основанные на модели, описывающей все значимые аспекты некоторой предметной области, которые описывают ее сущности, их свойства и различные связи меж)2) Engineering: fundamental knowledge3) Sakhalin energy glossary: Basic knowledge -
19 inscientia
in-scĭentĭa, ae, f.I.Want of knowledge, ignorance, inexperience (cf. inscitia init.):(α).in tantis tenebris erroris et inscientiae,
Cic. Sull. 14, 40:mea,
id. de Or. 1, 46, 203:alicujus,
id. ib. 3, 35, 142; id. Ac. 2, 47, 146.—With gen.Subj.:(β).vulgi,
Caes. B. G. 7, 43, 3:hostium,
id. ib. 3, 19, 3:temeritas et inscientia ducum,
Liv. 22, 25, 12.—Obj.:II.locorum,
Caes. B. G. 3, 9, 3:belli,
Nep. Epam. 7:dicendi,
Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 233.—Ignorance, philosophically speaking;III.opp. fundamental knowledge: de qua (natura Deorum) tam variae sunt doctissimorum hominum tamque discrepantes sententiae, ut magno argumento esse debeat, causam, i. e. principium philosophiae esse inscientiam,
Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; id. Ac. 1, 11, 41.—Blameworthy ignorance, neglect (only in Tac.; cf.inscitia): praecipientium,
Tac. Or. 28:desidia ac inscientia,
id. ib. 33. -
20 Fundamentalwissen
n1. basic knowledge2. fundamental knowledge
См. также в других словарях:
fundamental — Kumu, honua. See Pentecost. ♦ Fundamental knowledge, ike kumu … English-Hawaiian dictionary
Fundamental Articles — • This term was employed by Protestant theologians to distinguish the essential parts of the Christian faith from those non essential doctrines, which, as they believed, individual churches might accept or reject without forfeiting their claim to … Catholic encyclopedia
Knowledge representation — is an area in artificial intelligence that is concerned with how to formally think , that is, how to use a symbol system to represent a domain of discourse that which can be talked about, along with functions that may or may not be within the… … Wikipedia
Fundamental articles (theology) — Fundamental articles was a term employed by early Protestant theologians, who wished to distinguish some essential parts of the Christian faith from non essential doctrines. There were then a number of reasons for establishing such a distinction … Wikipedia
Knowledge entrepreneurship — describes the ability to recognize or create an opportunity and take action aimed at realizing the innovative knowledge practice or product. Knowledge entrepreneurship is different from ‘traditional’ economic entrepreneurship in that it does not… … Wikipedia
Fundamental science — is the part of science that describes the most basic objects, forces, relations between them and laws governing them, such that all other phenomena may be in principle derived from them, following the logic of scientific reductionism. There is a… … Wikipedia
Fundamental Modeling Concepts — (FMC) sind eine semi formale Methodik zur Kommunikation über komplexe Softwaresysteme. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geschichte 2 Relevanz 3 Einführung … Deutsch Wikipedia
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Fundamental attribution error — In social psychology, the fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect) describes the tendency to over value dispositional or personality based explanations for the observed behaviors of others while… … Wikipedia
Knowledge economy — The knowledge economy is a term that refers either to an economy of knowledge focused on the production and management of knowledge in the frame of economic constraints, or to a knowledge based economy. In the second meaning, more frequently used … Wikipedia
Knowledge Revolution — The knowledge revolution refers to a global scale paradigm shift that many compare to the agricultural and industrial revolutions. The revolution is about a fundamental socioeconomic change from adding value by producing things which is,… … Wikipedia
